An adjective modifies a noun. It describes the quality, state or action that a noun refers to.
ADJECTIVE RULES:
i) Adjectives can come before nouns: a new car
ii) Adjectives can come after verbs such as be, become, seem, look, etc.: that car looks fast
iii) They can be modified by adverbs: a very expensive car
iv) They can be used as complements to a noun: the extras make the car expensive
Most adverbs in English are formed by adding -ly to an adjective. An adverb is a word that modifies the meaning of a verb; an adjective; another adverb; a noun; a pronoun; or a prepositional phrase and can sometimes be used as a complement of a preposition.
ADVERB SPELLING NOTES:
i) Adjectives ending -l still take -ly; careful-carefully.
ii) Adjectives ending -y change to -ily; lucky-luckily
iii) Adjectives ending -ble change to -bly; responsible-responsibly
A noun is a word used to refer to people, animals, objects, substances, states, events and feelings. Nouns can be a subject or an object of a verb, can be modified by an adjective and can take an article.
Nouns may be divided into two basic groups:
Countable Nouns take plural forms and Uncountable Nouns take singular forms.
Verbs are one of the major grammatical groups, and all sentences must contain one. Verbs refer to an action (do, break, walk, etc.) or a state (be, like, own).
Indirect Speech (also called Reported Speech) is used to communicate what someone else said, but without using the exact words. The tenses of the verbs are often changed.
EG: He said that he was going to come.
(The person's exact words were "I'm going to come.")
A phrasal verb consists of a verb and a preposition or adverb that modifies or changes the meaning; 'give up' is a phrasal verb that means 'stop doing' something, which is very different from 'give'. The word or words that modify a verb in this manner can also go under the name particle.
NOTE: All terms taken from UsingEnglish.com. See citation for reference.
LIST 1
ARTICLES
A, AN, and THE are called articles.
THE is the definite article.
A and AN are both indefinite articles.
"The boy" refers to a definite, particular boy, but "A boy" refers to no particular boy; it could be any boy.
When no article is used, it is sometimes referred to as the zero article.
Articles belong to a group of words which are known as determiners; they restrict or specify a noun in some way.
Article Links
ADJECTIVES
An adjective modifies a noun. It describes the quality, state or action that a noun refers to.
ADJECTIVE RULES:
i) Adjectives can come before nouns: a new car
ii) Adjectives can come after verbs such as be, become, seem, look, etc.: that car looks fast
iii) They can be modified by adverbs: a very expensive car
iv) They can be used as complements to a noun: the extras make the car expensive
**Adjective Links**
ADVERBS
Most adverbs in English are formed by adding -ly to an adjective. An adverb is a word that modifies the meaning of a verb; an adjective; another adverb; a noun; a pronoun; or a prepositional phrase and can sometimes be used as a complement of a preposition.
ADVERB SPELLING NOTES:
i) Adjectives ending -l still take -ly; careful-carefully.
ii) Adjectives ending -y change to -ily; lucky-luckily
iii) Adjectives ending -ble change to -bly; responsible-responsibly
Adverb Links
NOUNS
A noun is a word used to refer to people, animals, objects, substances, states, events and feelings. Nouns can be a subject or an object of a verb, can be modified by an adjective and can take an article.
Nouns may be divided into two basic groups:
Countable Nouns take plural forms and Uncountable Nouns take singular forms.
**Noun Links**
PREPOSITIONS
A preposition is a word that links a noun, pronoun, or gerund to other words. They can have a variety of meanings:
Direction- He's going TO the shops
Location- It's IN the box
Time- He left AFTER the lesson had finished
Possession- The Government OF taly
**Preposition Links**
PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a wrod that substitutes a noun. There are a number of different kinds of pronouns in English.
TYPES OF PRONOUNS:
1. Demonstrative Pronouns: this, that, these, those
2. Personal Pronouns: I, you, he, she, etc..
3. Possessive Pronouns: mine, yours, his, etc..
4. Reflexive Pronouns: myself, yourself, etc..
5. Interrogative Pronouns: who, what, where, etc..
6. Negative Pronouns: nothing, no, nobody, etc..
7. Reciprocal Pronouns: each other, etc..
8. Relative Clauses: who, whose, which, that, etc..
9. Quantifiers: some, any, something, much, many, little, etc.
**Pronoun Links**
VERBS
Verbs are one of the major grammatical groups, and all sentences must contain one. Verbs refer to an action (do, break, walk, etc.) or a state (be, like, own).
Verb Links
LIST 2
CONDITIONALS
The conditionals are used to talk about possible or imaginary situations.
Conditional Links
DIRECT SPEECH
Direct speech is used to give the exact words used by another speaker. The words are given between quotation marks (" ") in writing:
EG: "I'm coming now," he said.
**Direct Speech Links**
INDIRECT SPEECH
Indirect Speech (also called Reported Speech) is used to communicate what someone else said, but without using the exact words. The tenses of the verbs are often changed.
EG: He said that he was going to come.
(The person's exact words were "I'm going to come.")
Indirect Speech Links
MODAL VERBS
Modal verbs are used to express ideas such as possibility, intention, obligation and necessity.
CAN, COULD, WILL, WOULD, SHALL, SHOULD, OUGHT TO, DARE and NEED are some examples.
**Modal Verb Links**
PHRASAL VERBS
A phrasal verb consists of a verb and a preposition or adverb that modifies or changes the meaning; 'give up' is a phrasal verb that means 'stop doing' something, which is very different from 'give'. The word or words that modify a verb in this manner can also go under the name particle.
**Phrasal Verb Links**
PASSIVE VOICE
The Passive occurs in most tenses and changes the emphasis of the subject:
EG: My roof was damaged by the storm.
(The storm caused the damage, but the cause is less important to me than the damage to my roof, because I will have to repair it.)
Passive Voice Links
REFERENCE
The Glossary of Grammar Terms. Retrieved April 19, 2010, from UsingEnglish.com
website: http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary.html
Daiva Berzinskas
ESL Instructor: daivaberz@gmail.com